9) The sap or bark extract is used as a contraceptive. Further, the gum is used to treat leprosy and fungal conditions.
Terminalia catapa
Botanical Name : Terminalia catapa
Family Name : Combretaceae
Common Name: Indian almond, Country almond
1) T. catappa is a perennial tree species that has been extensively introduced into littoral habitats, coastal forests, gardens and parks to be used as an ornamental, shade tree, and sand-dune stabilizer
2) This species has become the most common trees in tropical and subtropical regions of America, India, southeastern Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, due in part to human-mediated introductions,
3) Additionally, it is a prolific seed producer and seeds float and can be carried considerable distances by sea currents and still remain viable
)Juice of young leaves are employed in preparation of ointment for leprosy, scabies and also used internally for colic and headache. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves were reported for their hepatoprotective activity.
5) Extract of T. catappa leaves and fruits have anticancer, antioxidant, anti-HIV reverse transcriptase, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic effects and hepatoprotective activities
6) The trunk is a source of gum. The oil from the seed is used for making soap. Bark, leaves, roots and fruit are all important sources of tannin with the astringent bark containing 9 - 23% tannin.
7) The outer shell is also rich in tannin. It is used in leather preparation and as a base for inks; sometimes the roots and fruits are used for the same purposes.
8) A black dye that is used to make ink is extracted from the bark and fruit. A yellow-green dye is obtained from the leaves. The trunk is a source of yellow and black dye.
Semicarpus anacardium
Botanical Name: Semicarpus anacardium
Family: Anacardiaceae
Common Name: Marking nut, Ballataka, Bhilwa
1) Small tree with spreading canopy, Bark rough, dark brown.
2)Throughout India except Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh.
3) Wounds exudes watery sap turns into black gum. Leaves thick with raised veins beneath.
4) Fruit dye used by washermen to mark clothes hence the English name “Marking nut”. Fruit shell oil used as termite repellant.
5) Its nuts contain a variety of biologically active compounds such as biflavonoids, phenolic compounds, bhilawanols, minerals, vitamins and amino acids, which show various medicinal properties. 6) The fruit and nut extract shows various activities like antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-reproductive, CNS stimulant, hypoglycemic, anticarcinogenic and hair growth promoter.
Mangifera indica
Botanical Name : Mangifera indica
Family: Anacardiaceae
Common Name: Mango, Aam
1)The natural distribution of M. indica is in the Indo-Malesian region, specifically India and Myanmar. Wild populations can be found in the Assam-Chittagong Hills in India and in Myanmar.
2) This species has become naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics and much of its spread and naturalization has occurred associated with expansion of human populations
3) Sour, unripe mangoes are used to make chutneys, pickles while sweet, ripe mangoes are eaten raw, dried, or used to make sweet drinks and jellies..
4) The fruit contains over twenty different vitamins and minerals and is high in vitamin C and folate
6) Various parts of plant are used as a dentrifrice, antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, stomachic, vermifuge, tonic, laxative and diuretic and to treat diarrhea, dysentery, anaemia, asthma, bronchitis, cough, hypertension, insomnia, rheumatism, toothache, leucorrhoea, haemorrhage and piles.
5) Ripe mango fruit is considered to be invigorating and freshening. The juice is restorative tonic and used in heat stroke. The seeds are used in asthma and as an astringent.
5) Other uses: Valued mainly for its timber which is largely sapwood, light in weight.
Zizyphus mauritiana
Botanical Name: Ziziphus mauritiana Family : Rhamnaceae
Common Name : Indian jujube, Indian plum
Ziziphus
1) Z. mauritiana is a fast growing, spiny, thicket-forming shrub or tree, which can fruit prolifically and disperse seeds over a wide area using mammalian and avian vectors. However, it is also a valuable commercial fruit crop in its native Asia, mostly in India and China, and its promotion as a drought-tolerant fruit species.
2) Fruits is edible and work as an appetizer. The fruit is delicious and is eaten either fresh or prepared as a drink. It possesses vitamin C, sugar, minerals, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and carotene.
3) Traditionally, the plant has been of high medicinal value. The roots have been used to treat coughs and headaches, whilst the bark has been used on boils, and for dysentery. The leaves are antipyretic, whilst the fruit has been used to assist digestion and to treat tuberculosis.
4)The seeds help to cure eye diseases, and are helpful in leukorrhea, and as an astringent tonic to the heart and brain. The seeds also help to relieve thirst, and have a sedative and hypnotic effect, which is helpful in insomnia, pain, physical weakness, and rheumatic symptomology
5) Traditonally the heavy durable stem was used to make large pestles to pound grain to make flour. Makes good quality charcoal. Branches with sharp and curved prickles useful in fencing.
6) It is a declared noxious weed in three Australian states and is noted as invasive in parts of southern Africa and on a number of Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. It is hard to control because of vigorous resprouting and has the ability to resist fire and mechanical treatments
Psidium guajava
Botanical Name: Psidium guajava Family : Myrtaceae
Common Name: Guava, Lemon guava
1) P. guajava is a fast growing perinnial tree fruit of tropics and subtropics adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions.
2) It is tolerant of shade, a precocious and prolific reproducer with seed dispersal aided by avian and mammalian vectors. It can form dense thickets which displace native vegetation and is reported as an invasive weed in many countries.
3) P. guajava is mainly known for its antispasmodic and antimicrobial properties in the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. Has also been used extensively as a hypoglycaemic agent.
4) This plant has the ability to exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotection, anti-allergy, antimicrobial, antigenotoxic, antiplasmodial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, cardioactive, anticough, antidiabetic, antiinflamatory and antinociceptive activities, supporting its traditional uses.
Annona squamosa
Botanical Name: Annona squamosaFamily: Annonaceae
Common Name: Custard apple, Sitaphal.
1) A. squamosa is a shrub or small tree of American origin. The species is widely grown as a commercial fruit tree both within its native range and in tropical regions around the world.
2) The pulp of the fruit is used as flavouring in ice cream. The nutrient value of thiamine, potassium and dietary fiber is also significant.
3) The leaves are used as a vermicide, for treating cancerous tumors, also applied to abscesses, insect bites and other skin complaints. The crushed leaves were sniffed to overcome the hysteria and fainting spells, and they were also applied on the ulcers and wounds.
4) Scrapings of root-bark are used for toothache.
5) The crude extracts of different parts and pure isolated phytoconstituents of its fruits has anti-diabetic, antiviral, antioxidant activity, respiratory stimulant, during pregnancy and diuretics properties.
6) Very useful for the improvement of the immune system, nervous system and also for the development of the brain in the fetus.
7)The species is listed as “cultivation escape, naturalised, weed” in the Global Compendium of Weeds, it is known to escape from cultivation, often naturalising, and even becoming invasive in places.
Clitoria ternatea
Botanical Name: Clitoria ternatea
Family : Fabaceae
Common Name : Butterfly pea
1) C. ternatea is a pasture legume also commercialized as a garden ornamental that has been widely introduced in agroforestry systems in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
2) Traits such as its high growth-rates, drought tolerance and adaptation to heavy clay soils suggest that this species could be used to improve natural grassland.
3) Clitoria ternatea has long been cultivated as a forage crop
4) Clitoria ternatea roots produce large round nodules known to house nitrogen-fixing bacteria, making the plant ideal for use in a crop rotation system
5) Extracts of the plant exhibit diuretic, nootropic, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antidiabetic, antilipidemic, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, and wound healing properties.
6) Extracts of C. ternatea roots and leaves have been reported to demonstrate anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities Recently, C. ternatea leaf extracts have shown potential for use as an antidiabetic
7) Extracts also show the anthelmintic and insecticidal activities, and the antimicrobial activities.
Hibiscus rosasinesis
Botanical Name : Hibiscus rosasinesis
Family : Malvaceae
Common Name : China rose,
1) Hibiscus species are herbs, undershrubs or shrubs.
2) Flowers of the
plant are used in epilepsy, leprosy, bronchial catarrh and diabetes.
3) An infusion of the petal is widely used in
ayurvedic medicine in India as a demulcent refrigerant drink in fever and decoction is given in bronchial
catarrh.
4) It has been reported that the plant flower possesses anti-spermatogenic and androgenic, antitumour and anticonvulsant activities.
6) The use of flower to treat heart disorders. Flowers of the plant are used in diabetes, epilepsy, bronchial catarrh and leprosy.
7) Leaves are used as laxative while root is used in cough
In traditional medicine, the leaves of the plant are used in fatigue and skin
disease.
8) Powdered root of the plant is given for menorrhagia and the fresh root juice for gonorrhea. Ixora coccinea
Botanical Name : Ixora coccinea
Family : Rubiaceae
Common Name : Jungle geranium, Flame of the woods
1) Ixora coccinea is a dense, multi-branched evergreen shrub native to India and Sri Lanka.
2) It is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical climates and has naturalized in Puerto Rico, presumably dispersed by birds.
3) It is traditionally used as hepatoprotective, chemoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-nociceptive, anti–mitotic and anti-inflammatory activities.
4) Decoction of roots was used for nausea, hiccups and anorexia. 5) Powered roots are used for sores and chronic ulcers in Indo-China, root decoction is used to clarify the urine, poultice fresh leaves and stems for sprains, eczema, boils and contusions .
6) The roots are used in Asian medicine to relieve stomach problems. In Malaysia a decoction of the root is used after childbirth. In the Philippines an infusion of the fresh flowers is said to be a remedy against incipient tuberculosis and haemorrhage.
Crossandra infandibulum
Botanical Name : Crossandra infandibulum
Family : Acanthaceae
Common Name : Firecracker flower
1) It is a species of flowering plant
in the family Acanthaceae, native to southern India and Sri Lanka.
2)Phytochemical screening of various solvent extracts of C. infundibuliformis flower revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids and terpenoids
3) The leaf extracts of Crossandra
infundibuliformis show aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
4) The leaf extracts also reported for
wound healing, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antisolar and larvicidal activities. Due to its medicinal value, this plant is
used to treat various ailments.
5) Leaf paste applied for toothache. Bark ground with turmeric and the paste applied to skin diseases of children.
6) Crushed fruits made into a paste for brushing teeth to cure pyorrhea.
7) Flowers ground with pepper and the paste applied to wounds.
Bougainvillea spectabilis
Botanical Name : Bougainvillea spectabilis
Family : Nyctaginaceae
Common Name : Paper flower
1) Bougainvillea spectabilis is an aggressive climbing vine or shrub growing >10 m high.
2) Native to Brazil, this species has been extensively introduced into tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world.
3) The phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, flvonoids, glycosides, phenolics, phlobotannins, quinones, saponins, tannins and terpenoids were reported as the basis of therapeutic properties.
4) Bougainvillea spectabilis is reported to have medicinal values including antiancer, antidiabtic, anti-heptotoxic, anti-inflammtory, antiyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiulcer properties.
5) The aqueous extract and decoction of this plant have been used as fertility control among the tribal people in many countries.
Pongamia pinnata
Botanical Name : Pongamia pinnata
Family : Leguminoseae
Common Name : Seashore Mempari, Pongam, Indian Beech, Ponga oil tree
1) Pongamia pinnata is a medium-sized, glabrous, semi-evergreen tree, growing up to 18 meters or more in height, with a short bole, spreading crown, and grayish-green or brown bark.
2)It is probably originated from India and grows
naturally in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand, Florida, Australia, and
Sri Lanka
3) Pongamia seeds are commercially valuable due to their high oil content ranging from 25-42 per cent and could be viable source for widening bio-fuel industry.
4) Even though all parts of the plant are noxious, the flowers and
fruits along with the seeds are used in many traditional
medicines.
5) Flowers are used to treat bleeding hemorrhoids
whereas fruits aid in treatment of abdominal ulcers, tumors,
and hemorrhoids.
6) Seed powder reduces fever and helps in
treating bronchitis, whooping cough and also prescribed as a
febrifuge and tonic.
7) On the other hand, leaves juices aid in
treatment of leprosy, diarrhea, coughs, gonorrhea, flatulence,
and colds.
8)Bark, which has been used as a medicine to reduce
swelling of the spleen. Bark relieves coughs and colds and
mental disorder.
9) Expectation of Pongamia pinnata to provide
panacea for alternate fuel, agro- forestry, and restoration of biodiversity are
encouraging.
Butea monosperma
Botanical Name : Butea monosperma
Family : Papilinioaceae
Common Name : Flame of the forest, Palas
1) A medium-sized, deciduous tree,
2) In India, young leaves are good fodder, eaten mainly by buffaloes.
3) A coarse fibrous material obtained from the inner bark is used for cordage, caulking the seams of boats and
making paper.
4) A red exudate is obtained from the bark, hardening into a gum known as ‘butea gum’ or ‘Bengal kino’. It
can be used as a dye and as tannin.
5) A bright yellow to deep orange-red dye, known as butein, prepared from the flowers is used
especially for dyeing silk and sometimes for cotton. This dye is used by Hindus to mark the forehead. The bark is used
for tanning.
6) Seeds show bactericidal and fungicidal activities.
The flowers are useful in the treatment of liver disorders and seeds act as an anthelmintic. An astringent gum
oozing from the cut stem has medicinal properties as a powerful astringent and is applied in cases of diarrhoea.
7) Other products: In India, the tree is an important host for the lac insect (Laccifer lacca), which produces shellac. Of all
the lac trees, it yields the most lac stick per hectare.
8) Erosion control: In India, farmers frequently use B. monosperma to stabilize field bunds.
9) Ornamental: B. monosperma is planted as an ornamental because it flowers with a profusion of bright orange, rarely
sulphur-coloured flowers.
Spathodea campanulata
Botanical Name: Spathodea campanulata
Family : Bignoniaceae
Common name : African tulip tree, Squirrel tree, telugu :
Neelakaya chettu
1) Native of Tropical Africa,
Deciduos tree with smooth greyish brown bark.
2) Frequently planted in gardens, along roadsides as an avenue
and ornamental tree, for showy flowers.
3) Bark is used in skin disease, dysentery, renal disorders,
gastro intestinal disorders and leaves
are used in urinary infections.
Delonix regia
Botanical Name : Delonix regia
Common name :
erra turai, erra sunkesula, pedda turai
(tel), gul mohar, fire tree (eng)
Family : Caesalpinoideae
Native of Maddgascar, deciduous tree with short crooked trunk.
Frequently planted in gardens and roadsides as an ornamental
tree for showy bloom and avenue for
shade.
Leaves are used in constipation, inflammations, arthritis,
hemiplegia. Flowers in dys menorrhoea.
Jacaranda mimosifolia
Botanical Name: Cassia fistula
Common name : rela
kaya (tel), amaltas (Hin), golden shower tree, Indian laburnum tree (eng)
Family : Caesalpinoideae
1) Native of India, deciduous tree with smooth yellowish green
bark.
2) Occurs wild in forests, planted in gardens, along roadsides
as an ornamental tree for its showy bloom.
3) Bark and fruits are used in traditional systems of medicine.
4) Whole plant used as febrifuge, cardio tonic, jaundice,
polyuria, urticaria, leprosy, constipation, worm infestation, leucorrhea,
anemia, indigestion, venereal.
5) Bark used as hepatoprotective and in skin diseases. Flower
buds in diabetes.
Acacia leucocephala
Botanical Name : Acacia leucocephala
Common name : tella
tumma
Family :
Mimosoideae
1) Native of India. Thorny deciduous tree, bark light yellowish
brown colour, exfoliating in irregular scales.
2) Occurs wild in open habitats.
3) Stem bark used in Bronchitis, biliousness, rheumatic fever,
arthritis, fainting and diabetes.
Albizia lebbeck
Botanical Name : Albizzia lebbek
Common name :
dirishana (tel). Siris (hindi), east Indian wall nut (eng)
Family : Mimosoideae
1) Native of India. Deciduous tree with greyish brown black
bark, peeling in irregular flakes.
2) Frequently planted along roadsides, in open places as an
avenue and ornamental tree.
3) Stem bark used in boils, piles, diarrhoea, tonic.
4) Leaves are
used in snake bite, scorpion sting, night blindness, stomachic, thirst,
leucorrhoea, bleeding piles, dental diseases.
Camellia sinesis (= Thea sinesis)
Botanical Name : Camellia sinesis or The sinesis
Family : Ternstroemiaceae
Parts of the plant used are leaves.
Plant is a shrub. Three to four feet tall.
It grows at an altitude of about 5000 feet above MSL on steep slopes.
Tea contains 2.5 % theine, 13-18% tannin, volatile oils and a small amount of caffeine.
The leaves are plucked and cured and an infusion in boiled water yields the most popular beverage.
India is one of the leading producers and exporters of tea.
Coffeae arabica
Botanical name: Coffeae arabica
Family : Rubiaceae
Common Name : Coffee
1) The plant grows in got, moist climate.
2) The fruits are berries and the skin is removed and seeds are then roasted to develop aroma, flavor and color.
3) Seeds contain 0.75 to 1.5% caffeine, a volatile oil caffeine, dextrin, etc.
4) Arabian coffee i.e.,C.arabica is a source of 90% of world supply.
5) In India it is cultivated in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
6) The decoction of coffee leaves have purifying properties to improve blood circulation and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis. 7) The infusion of coffee seeds roasted and ground is considered of antiasthmatic properties, anthelmintic, anaphrodisiac, antipyretic, antirheumatic, anti jaundice and to ease childbirth.
Borassus flabellifer
Botanical Name : Borassus flabellifer
Common name : tadi,
tati chettu (tel), Palmyrah- palm (eng)
Family : Arecaceae
1) Native of Africa, Asia New guinea.
2) Deciduous tree, stems (trunks) obscurely hooped,
greyish black.
3) Distributed commonly in dry wastelands and hedges.
4) Root, leaf, inflorescence, toddy, seeds and ash were used in
bleeding, thirst, oedema, fainting, burning sensation, constipation, anorexia,
disorders of spleen and abdomen, cardiac diseases, amenorrhoea, dysuria, skin
diseases, fever, general debility.
5) Fresh sap (nira) is stimulant, antiphlegmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-leprosy.
6) Pulp Demulcent, nutritious and good source of vitamin B.
Caryota urens
Botanical Name : Caryota urens
Common name : konda
jeelugu, jeelugu (tel), elephant palm, woman’s hair palm.
Family : Arecaceae
1) Native of East Asia, India and Srilanka. Common along
streams in forest sand also grown as ornamental tree.
2) Monoecious trees, stems annulate, shining
3) Leaves, buds, seeds, toddy used as diarrhoea, migraine,
scorpion sting, poisoning, flatulence, biliousness and laxative.
Eichhornia Petiole
Botanical Name : Eichhornia crassipes
Common name : water
hyacinth
Family :
Pontederiaceae
1) Water
hyacinth derives its origin from the Amazonia basin in South America. This
aquatic weed grows in lakes, streams, ponds and ditches.
2) This
aquatic plant poses serious challenge to humanity and the environment due to
rapid growth and spread. Clogging of
water ways, obstruction of water transportation and fishing activities,
breeding grounds for pests and diseases
and reduction of water quality, loss of biodiversity.
3) It
has been a menace to Phyto planktons by obstructing sunlight, affecting the
productivity of other organisms leading to reduction of biodiversity.
4) Being
the weed in aquatic habitat, some of the benefits were includes biogas and bio fuel
production, medicinal functions, vermin composting, compost production and
bioremediation.
5) It
is established as attractive aquatic plant with circular leaves with malleable
petioles carrying aesthetic lilac to blue coloured flowers.
6)The
ecological, morphological, developmental and biological attributes includes its
ability to adopt to wide range of ecological conditions, growth easily
stimulated in the presence of excess nitrate and phosphate concentrations, its
high rate of growth and reproduction.
Hydrilla Stem
Botanical Name : Hydrilla verticellata
Common name : water
thyme
Family : hydrocharitaceae
1) It is native of Asia, Africa and Australia. Hydrilla has a
high resistance to salinity compared to many other freshwater associated
aquatic plants.
2) The abundant source of biomass is a known bioremediation
hyper accumulator of mercury, cadmium, chromium and lead.
3) The plant consists of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants.
The plant is also known for its extremely high concentration of calcium, vitamin B 12, iron and magnesium.
Vallisneria Leaf
1) Vallisneria are submerged aquatic plants that can grow up to five metres. 2) Widespread in tropical and subtropical areas of both hemispheres. Native to southern Europe, northern Africa, the Middle East and southwest Asia, but now spread to the north and northwest in France, Belgium, Netherlands, southern Britain.
3) As Rooted submerged species it is important in phytoremediation (biological remediation of environmental problems using plants) due to their soil-binding roots, rhizomes and stolons (which help facilitate colonisation by benthic algae, other microbes and invertebrates)
4) A study conducted to evaluate the accumulation and toxicity of chromium (Cr) in found that after one week the plants ameliorated 59% of Cr from tannery effluent which contains a high level of chromium.
5) Vasllisneria has a role as appetizer, refrigerant, demulcent and women complaint (leucorrhoea) and used for stomach ache
Botanical Name : Asparagus racemosus Family: Asparagaceae
Common Name: Satavari, Satamuli
1) Woody perennial climber with tuberous root.
2) Asparagus species are naturally distributed along Asia, Africa, and Europe
3) It has numerous biological properties, such as being antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antihepatotoxic, immunostimulant, and reproductive agents.
4) Asparagus is used as an anodyne, aphrodisiac and galactogogue.
The roots are useful in nervous disorders, dyspepsia, tumors, scalding of urine, throat infections, tuberculosis, cough bronchitis and general debility.
5) The herb is useful for treating anorexia, insomnia, hyperactive children and people who are under-weight.
It is useful for the treatment of ulcerative disorders of stomach and Parinama Sula, clinical entity akin to the duodenal ulcer diseases.
6) The paste of fresh leaves is used to apply on the burning sensation of the skin in smallpox and bullae.
7) The fresh juice of the roots, mixed with honey, helps in reducing the burning sensation pain in tumors, due to pitta.
Nymphaea Petiole
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